IMBALI YOKUSETYENZISWA KWE-TUNGSTEN
Izinto ezifunyenweyo ekusetyenzisweni kwe-tungsten zinokunxulunyaniswa ngokukhululekileyo neendawo ezine: iikhemikhali, intsimbi kunye nee-super alloys, ii-filaments, kunye nee-carbides.
1847: Iityuwa zeTungsten zisetyenziselwa ukwenza umqhaphu onemibala kunye nokwenza iimpahla ezisetyenziselwa imidlalo yeqonga kunye nezinye iinjongo ezingatshiyo.
1855: Kwaqanjwa inkqubo yeBessemer, evumela ukuveliswa kwentsimbi ngobuninzi. Kwangaxeshanye, kwenziwa iintsimbi zokuqala ze-tungsten e-Austria.
Ngowe-1895: UThomas Edison waphanda ubuchule bezinto zokukhanya xa zisetyenziswa kwi-X-ray, waza wafumanisa ukuba i-calcium tungstate yeyona nto isebenzayo.
1900: I-High Speed Steel, umxube okhethekileyo wentsimbi kunye ne-tungsten, iboniswa kwiMboniso yeHlabathi eParis. Igcina ubulukhuni bayo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kwizixhobo nakwimishini.
Ngowe-1903: Iifilaments kwizibane nakwiibhalbhu yayikukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-tungsten esebenzisa indawo yayo yokunyibilika ephezulu kakhulu kunye nombane wayo. Ingxaki kuphela? Iinzame zokuqala zafumanisa ukuba i-tungsten ayiqinanga kakhulu ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi.
1909: UWilliam Coolidge kunye neqela lakhe kwiGeneral Electric e-US baphumelele ekufumaneni inkqubo edala ii-ductile tungsten filaments ngonyango olufanelekileyo lobushushu kunye nokusebenza ngoomatshini.
1911: Inkqubo yeCoolidge yathengiswa, kwaye ngexesha elifutshane iibhalbhu ze-tungsten zasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela zixhotyiswe ngeentambo ze-tungsten ezithambileyo.
1913: Ukunqongophala kweedayimani zoshishino eJamani ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II kubangele ukuba abaphandi bafune ezinye iindlela zokufaka iidayimani endaweni yazo, ezisetyenziselwa ukutsala ucingo.
1914: “Yayiyinkolelo yezinye iingcali zomkhosi wama-Allied ukuba kwiinyanga ezintandathu iJamani yayiza kudinwa ziimbumbulu. Ama-Allied afumanisa ngokukhawuleza ukuba iJamani yayisanda ukuvelisa izixhobo zayo zemfazwe kwaye kangangexesha elithile yayidlule imveliso yama-Allied. Olu tshintsho lwalubangelwa kukusebenzisa kwayo izixhobo zokusika intsimbi ye-tungsten ekhawulezayo kunye ne-tungsten. Okwamangalisa amaBritane kukuba, i-tungsten eyayisetyenziswa, eyathi kamva yafunyanwa, yayivela kakhulu kwiMigodi yabo yaseCornish eCornwall.” – Ukusuka kwincwadi ka-KC Li ka-1947 ethi “TUNGSTEN”
1923: Inkampani yebhalbhu yombane yaseJamani ingenisa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi we-tungsten carbide, okanye i-hardmetal. Yenziwe “ngokufaka isamente” kwiinkozo ze-tungsten monocarbide (WC) eziqinileyo kwi-binder matrix yesinyithi se-cobalt esiqinileyo ngokusila ulwelo.
Isiphumo satshintsha imbali ye-tungsten: into edibanisa amandla aphezulu, ukuqina kunye nobunzima obuphezulu. Enyanisweni, i-tungsten carbide ilukhuni kakhulu, into yendalo ekuphela kwayo enokuyikrwela yidayimani. (I-Carbide yeyona nto ibalulekileyo esetyenziswa kwi-tungsten namhlanje.)
Kwiminyaka yoo-1930: Kwavela izicelo ezintsha zeekhompawundi ze-tungsten kwishishini leoyile zokunyanga iioyile ezikrwada ngamanzi.
1940: Kwaqala ukuphuhliswa kwee-superalloys zesinyithi, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt, ukuze kuzaliseke imfuneko yezinto ezinokumelana namaqondo obushushu amangalisayo eenjini zejethi.
1942: Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, amaJamani aba ngawokuqala ukusebenzisa isiseko se-tungsten carbide kwiiprojektha ezigqobhoza izixhobo ezikhawulezayo. Iitanki zaseBritane “zanyibilika” xa zibethelwa zezi projektha ze-tungsten carbide.
1945: Intengiso yonyaka yezibane ze-incandescent yi-795 yezigidi ngonyaka e-US
Kwiminyaka yoo-1950: Ngeli xesha, i-tungsten yongezwa kwii-superalloys ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo.
Kwiminyaka yoo-1960: Kwazalwa ii-catalysts ezintsha eziqulethe iikhompawundi ze-tungsten zokunyanga iigesi zokukhupha umoya kwishishini leoyile.
1964: Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuveliswa kwezibane ze-incandescent kunciphisa iindleko zokubonelela ngobungakanani obuthile bokukhanya ngama-30, xa kuthelekiswa neendleko zokuqaliswa kwenkqubo yokukhanyisa ka-Edison.
2000: Kule ndawo, kutsalwa ucingo lwezibane olumalunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-20 zeemitha minyaka le, ubude obuhambelana nomgama ophindwe kangangama-50 womgama womhlaba nenyanga. Ukukhanya kusebenzisa i-4% kunye ne-5% yemveliso iyonke ye-tungsten.
I-TUNGSTEN NAMHLANJE
Namhlanje, i-tungsten carbide ixhaphake kakhulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuquka ukusika isinyithi, ukwenziwa kweenkuni, iiplastiki, izinto ezidityanisiweyo, kunye neeseramikhi ezithambileyo, ukwakheka okungenazitshiphusi (ezishushu nezibandayo), ukumbiwa kwemigodi, ukwakhiwa, ukubhola amatye, iindawo zokwakha, iindawo ezigugileyo kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi.
Ii-alloys zentsimbi ye-tungsten zikwasetyenziswa ekuvelisweni kwee-nozzles zeenjini zerokhethi, ekufuneka zibe neempawu ezilungileyo zokumelana nobushushu. Ii-super-alloys ezine-tungsten zisetyenziswa kwiibhlade ze-turbine kunye neendawo ezinganyangekiyo kunye neengubo.
Nangona kunjalo, kwangaxeshanye, ulawulo lwebhalbhu ye-incandescent luphelile emva kweminyaka eli-132, njengoko ziqala ukuphelelwa ngamandla eMelika naseKhanada.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Julayi-29-2021
